{
  "schemaVersion": "2.0",
  "generatedAt": "2026-09-12T13:44:57.238Z",
  "compatibility": {
    "legacyMatterFieldsRetained": true,
    "issueDocumentsAreNotTimelineEvents": true
  },
  "matter": {
    "id": "matter-03",
    "slug": "tremblay-v-openai",
    "titleZh": "特伦布莱等诉 OpenAI 案",
    "formalName": "Tremblay v. OpenAI, Inc.",
    "aliases": [
      "Silverman/Tremblay v. OpenAI",
      "OpenAI Authors Litigation"
    ],
    "summary": "作家保罗·特伦布莱等人针对 OpenAI 训练和输出提出著作权请求。该早期案件后来进入合并诉讼轨道，原案卷已终结。",
    "professionalSummary": "案件曾涉及直接侵权、替代侵权、不正当竞争及 DMCA 请求；法院对部分请求作出驳回裁定，并将相关作者案件协调处理。",
    "whyItMatters": "它是美国作家围绕大语言模型训练数据提起的最早一批集体诉讼之一。",
    "status": "closed",
    "primaryTopic": "copyright",
    "secondaryTopics": [
      "platform-liability"
    ],
    "aiRoles": [
      "training-data",
      "model-output"
    ],
    "jurisdiction": "美国·联邦·加州北区",
    "industries": [
      "出版",
      "生成式 AI"
    ],
    "significance": {
      "legalNovelty": 25,
      "impactScope": 21,
      "institutionalLevel": 14,
      "crossBorder": 5,
      "sustainedCoverage": 14,
      "total": 79
    },
    "highProfile": true,
    "featured": false,
    "firstPublishedAt": "2026-07-15",
    "lastUpdatedAt": "2026-07-16",
    "proceedings": [
      {
        "id": "matter-03:proceeding-1",
        "matterId": "matter-03",
        "formalName": "Tremblay v. OpenAI, Inc.",
        "identifier": "3:23-cv-03223-AMO",
        "identifiers": {
          "docketNumber": "3:23-cv-03223-AMO"
        },
        "forum": "U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California",
        "jurisdiction": "美国·联邦·加州北区",
        "type": "civil-litigation",
        "stage": "judgment",
        "status": "closed",
        "startedAt": "2024-07-30",
        "precedentialWeight": "persuasive",
        "officialUrl": "https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/67538258/tremblay-v-openai-inc/"
      }
    ],
    "events": [
      {
        "id": "matter-03:event-1",
        "matterId": "matter-03",
        "proceedingId": "matter-03:proceeding-1",
        "date": "2024-07-30",
        "type": "order",
        "title": "法院处理合并修正起诉中的驳回动议",
        "summary": "法院于 2024 年 7 月 30 日就合并修正起诉中的一项请求作出驳回命令；命令不等于对全部训练侵权争议作出实体判决。",
        "documentIds": [
          "matter-03:document-1"
        ],
        "claimIds": [
          "matter-03:claim-1",
          "matter-03:claim-procedure",
          "matter-03:claim-event"
        ]
      }
    ],
    "documents": [
      {
        "id": "matter-03:document-1",
        "familyId": "matter-03:family-1",
        "matterId": "matter-03",
        "eventId": "matter-03:event-1",
        "title": "Tremblay v. OpenAI, Inc. — RECAP docket",
        "originalTitle": "Tremblay v. OpenAI, Inc. — RECAP docket",
        "url": "https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/67538258/tremblay-v-openai-inc/",
        "kind": "official-document",
        "sourceId": "courtlistener",
        "publishedAt": "2024-07-30",
        "primaryOrSecondary": "primary",
        "relationship": "independent",
        "identifiers": {
          "docketNumber": "3:23-cv-03223-AMO"
        },
        "language": "en"
      }
    ],
    "claims": [
      {
        "id": "matter-03:claim-1",
        "matterId": "matter-03",
        "eventId": "matter-03:event-1",
        "text": "法院于 2024 年 7 月 30 日就合并修正起诉中的一项请求作出驳回命令；命令不等于对全部训练侵权争议作出实体判决。",
        "kind": "procedural-fact",
        "status": "confirmed",
        "documentIds": [
          "matter-03:document-1"
        ],
        "asOf": "2024-07-30"
      },
      {
        "id": "matter-03:claim-procedure",
        "matterId": "matter-03",
        "eventId": "matter-03:event-1",
        "text": "3:23-cv-03223-AMO 是本站记录的正式程序编号，程序由 U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California 处理。",
        "kind": "procedural-fact",
        "status": "confirmed",
        "documentIds": [
          "matter-03:document-1"
        ],
        "asOf": "2024-07-30"
      },
      {
        "id": "matter-03:claim-event",
        "matterId": "matter-03",
        "eventId": "matter-03:event-1",
        "text": "2024-07-30，案卷记录“法院处理合并修正起诉中的驳回动议”这一程序节点；该日期与事件由所引直接材料支持。",
        "kind": "procedural-fact",
        "status": "confirmed",
        "documentIds": [
          "matter-03:document-1"
        ],
        "asOf": "2024-07-30"
      }
    ],
    "caseBackground": {
      "narrativeZh": "作家 Paul Tremblay 等人就 OpenAI 使用书籍训练模型及相关输出提起早期集体诉讼，提出直接侵权、替代侵权、不正当竞争和 DMCA 请求。原案后来进入作者案件的合并诉讼轨道，原案卷终结，但训练责任的全部实体争议并未因此获得终局裁判。",
      "partiesZh": [
        "Paul Tremblay 等作家",
        "OpenAI 相关实体"
      ],
      "aiSystemZh": "OpenAI 大语言模型",
      "challengedConductZh": "使用作者作品训练模型，并提供被指利用作品内容的模型输出。",
      "allegedHarmZh": "原告主张训练和输出侵害著作权及著作权管理信息利益；当前记录未确认全部实体主张。",
      "proceduralOriginZh": "案件以 3:23-cv-03223-AMO 提起，随后与相关作者案件协调；法院于 2024 年 7 月 30 日处理合并修正起诉中的一项请求。",
      "claimIds": [
        "matter-03:claim-1",
        "matter-03:claim-procedure",
        "matter-03:claim-event"
      ],
      "documentIds": [
        "matter-03:document-1"
      ]
    },
    "issues": [
      {
        "id": "matter-03:issue-training-copy",
        "matterId": "matter-03",
        "titleZh": "书籍训练复制责任",
        "questionZh": "OpenAI 使用作者作品训练语言模型的复制行为是否构成直接侵权？",
        "contextZh": "这是原告的主干请求，但原案卷终结和案件合并属于程序处理，不等于该问题已经实体裁判。",
        "topic": "copyright",
        "status": "contested",
        "courtTreatmentZh": "2024 年 7 月命令没有对全部训练侵权争议作实体判决；相关作者请求转入合并诉讼轨道。",
        "claimIds": [
          "matter-03:claim-1"
        ],
        "positions": [
          {
            "id": "matter-03:issue-training-copy:position-1",
            "issueId": "matter-03:issue-training-copy",
            "sideZh": "原告作家",
            "positionZh": "主张其作品被用于模型训练，构成未经许可的复制。",
            "claimIds": [],
            "documentIds": []
          },
          {
            "id": "matter-03:issue-training-copy:position-2",
            "issueId": "matter-03:issue-training-copy",
            "sideZh": "OpenAI",
            "positionZh": "现有公开材料未见 OpenAI 对该训练复制实体请求作出可据以概括的明确回应；本案卷不代为补写。",
            "claimIds": [],
            "documentIds": []
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "matter-03:issue-secondary-liability",
        "matterId": "matter-03",
        "titleZh": "替代侵权与输出归责",
        "questionZh": "模型输出及 OpenAI 对系统的运营控制，是否足以支持替代侵权或其他输出端责任？",
        "contextZh": "替代责任需要区别模型训练事实、用户触发输出和服务经营者的控制及获益。",
        "topic": "platform-liability",
        "status": "open",
        "claimIds": [],
        "positions": [
          {
            "id": "matter-03:issue-secondary-liability:position-1",
            "issueId": "matter-03:issue-secondary-liability",
            "sideZh": "原告作家",
            "positionZh": "在诉讼中提出替代侵权及与输出相关的责任请求。",
            "claimIds": [],
            "documentIds": []
          },
          {
            "id": "matter-03:issue-secondary-liability:position-2",
            "issueId": "matter-03:issue-secondary-liability",
            "sideZh": "OpenAI",
            "positionZh": "现有公开材料未见其对具体输出、控制与获益要件作出可核验的明确回应；本案卷不代为补写。",
            "claimIds": [],
            "documentIds": []
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "matter-03:issue-dismissal-scope",
        "matterId": "matter-03",
        "titleZh": "部分驳回命令的范围",
        "questionZh": "2024 年 7 月 30 日命令解决了哪一项诉状请求，是否影响其余训练和输出主张？",
        "contextZh": "该命令处理合并修正起诉中的单项请求；把它写成全案胜负会夸大裁判范围。",
        "topic": "copyright",
        "status": "partly-resolved",
        "courtTreatmentZh": "法院驳回合并修正起诉中被命令处理的一项请求，但没有裁断全部训练侵权争议。",
        "claimIds": [
          "matter-03:claim-1"
        ],
        "positions": [
          {
            "id": "matter-03:issue-dismissal-scope:position-1",
            "issueId": "matter-03:issue-dismissal-scope",
            "sideZh": "提出驳回动议的一方",
            "positionZh": "请求法院在诉状阶段排除被挑战的请求。",
            "claimIds": [],
            "documentIds": []
          },
          {
            "id": "matter-03:issue-dismissal-scope:position-2",
            "issueId": "matter-03:issue-dismissal-scope",
            "sideZh": "原告作家",
            "positionZh": "其余训练和输出请求并未因该单项驳回而获得或失去终局实体结论。",
            "claimIds": [],
            "documentIds": []
          }
        ]
      }
    ],
    "decisions": [
      {
        "id": "matter-03:decision-1",
        "matterId": "matter-03",
        "proceedingId": "matter-03:proceeding-1",
        "eventId": "matter-03:event-1",
        "date": "2024-07-30",
        "outcomeZh": "法院于 2024 年 7 月 30 日驳回合并修正起诉中被命令处理的一项请求；该命令没有判决全部训练侵权争议。",
        "holdingsZh": [
          "被动议挑战的单项请求未能在当时的合并修正起诉中继续。",
          "命令的效力不扩展到作者诉讼中的全部训练、输出或其他请求。"
        ],
        "reasoningZh": [
          "法院处理的是驳回动议下诉状所陈述请求能否成立，而不是在完整事实记录上审判训练行为。",
          "原案进入合并诉讼轨道，因此程序终结不能被当作全部著作权问题的实体胜诉。"
        ],
        "reliefZh": "救济仅为驳回命令覆盖的单项请求；没有就全部训练行为颁发禁令、损害赔偿或终局判决。",
        "scopeAndLimitsZh": "仅适用于该合并修正起诉及该次驳回动议所处理的请求，不回答大模型训练一般是否侵权。",
        "precedentialWeight": "persuasive",
        "appealStatusZh": "原案卷已终结并转入合并诉讼轨道；现有程序记录未显示该单项命令形成独立的终局上诉判决。",
        "documentIds": [
          "matter-03:document-1"
        ],
        "claimIds": [
          "matter-03:claim-1"
        ]
      }
    ],
    "issueDocumentLinks": [
      {
        "id": "issue-document-matter-03-matter-03:issue-training-copy-knowledge-generative-ai-meets-copyright",
        "matterId": "matter-03",
        "issueId": "matter-03:issue-training-copy",
        "documentId": "knowledge-generative-ai-meets-copyright",
        "relationship": "doctrinal-context",
        "relevanceSummaryZh": "用于概览生成式 AI 版权诉讼的主要请求与尚未形成定论的合理使用问题。 本次规则匹配仅使用本争点文本及其引用主张，命中 1 个确定性争点词；AI 作用分面只用于候选召回。",
        "viewpoint": "descriptive",
        "confidence": 0.8500000000000001,
        "assignedBy": "rule"
      },
      {
        "id": "issue-document-matter-03-matter-03:issue-training-copy-knowledge-authors-and-machines",
        "matterId": "matter-03",
        "issueId": "matter-03:issue-training-copy",
        "documentId": "knowledge-authors-and-machines",
        "relationship": "doctrinal-context",
        "relevanceSummaryZh": "提供以构思和执行衡量人类作者贡献的框架，可比较不同提示、选择和编辑行为。 本次规则匹配仅使用本争点文本及其引用主张，命中 1 个确定性争点词；AI 作用分面只用于候选召回。",
        "viewpoint": "descriptive",
        "confidence": 0.8500000000000001,
        "assignedBy": "rule"
      },
      {
        "id": "news-context-link-matter-03-matter-03:issue-training-copy-news-context-ai-liability-ip-harms",
        "matterId": "matter-03",
        "issueId": "matter-03:issue-training-copy",
        "documentId": "news-context-ai-liability-ip-harms",
        "relationship": "news-context",
        "relevanceSummaryZh": "用于比较生成式 AI 供应链中训练复制、近似输出、元数据去除、商标和公开权的不同责任入口。 本次规则匹配仅使用本争点文本及其引用主张，命中 2 个确定性争点词。",
        "viewpoint": "mixed",
        "confidence": 0.9,
        "assignedBy": "rule"
      },
      {
        "id": "news-context-link-matter-03-matter-03:issue-secondary-liability-news-context-ai-liability-ip-harms",
        "matterId": "matter-03",
        "issueId": "matter-03:issue-secondary-liability",
        "documentId": "news-context-ai-liability-ip-harms",
        "relationship": "news-context",
        "relevanceSummaryZh": "用于比较生成式 AI 供应链中训练复制、近似输出、元数据去除、商标和公开权的不同责任入口。 本次规则匹配仅使用本争点文本及其引用主张，命中 3 个确定性争点词。",
        "viewpoint": "mixed",
        "confidence": 0.95,
        "assignedBy": "rule"
      },
      {
        "id": "news-context-link-matter-03-matter-03:issue-dismissal-scope-news-context-ai-liability-ip-harms",
        "matterId": "matter-03",
        "issueId": "matter-03:issue-dismissal-scope",
        "documentId": "news-context-ai-liability-ip-harms",
        "relationship": "news-context",
        "relevanceSummaryZh": "用于比较生成式 AI 供应链中训练复制、近似输出、元数据去除、商标和公开权的不同责任入口。 本次规则匹配仅使用本争点文本及其引用主张，命中 3 个确定性争点词。",
        "viewpoint": "mixed",
        "confidence": 0.95,
        "assignedBy": "rule"
      }
    ]
  },
  "issueDocuments": [
    {
      "link": {
        "id": "issue-document-matter-03-matter-03:issue-training-copy-knowledge-generative-ai-meets-copyright",
        "matterId": "matter-03",
        "issueId": "matter-03:issue-training-copy",
        "documentId": "knowledge-generative-ai-meets-copyright",
        "relationship": "doctrinal-context",
        "relevanceSummaryZh": "用于概览生成式 AI 版权诉讼的主要请求与尚未形成定论的合理使用问题。 本次规则匹配仅使用本争点文本及其引用主张，命中 1 个确定性争点词；AI 作用分面只用于候选召回。",
        "viewpoint": "descriptive",
        "confidence": 0.8500000000000001,
        "assignedBy": "rule"
      },
      "document": {
        "id": "knowledge-generative-ai-meets-copyright",
        "familyId": "knowledge-family-generative-ai-meets-copyright",
        "title": "生成式 AI 遇上版权法",
        "originalTitle": "Generative AI Meets Copyright",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adi0656",
        "kind": "academic-research",
        "sourceId": "science",
        "publishedAt": "2023-07-14",
        "author": "Pamela Samuelson",
        "primaryOrSecondary": "secondary",
        "relationship": "independent",
        "identifiers": {
          "doi": "10.1126/science.adi0656"
        },
        "language": "en",
        "metadata": {
          "abstractZh": "概述生成式 AI 训练与输出引发的版权诉讼路径，强调合理使用是逐案判断，正在进行的案件会同时影响开发者、部署者和普通使用者。",
          "venue": "Science 381(6654): 158–161",
          "publisher": "American Association for the Advancement of Science",
          "publicationState": "published",
          "peerReviewed": false,
          "paywalled": true
        },
        "stableIdentifier": {
          "kind": "doi",
          "value": "10.1126/science.adi0656"
        },
        "legalTopics": [
          "copyright"
        ],
        "aiRoles": [
          "training-data",
          "model-output"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "link": {
        "id": "issue-document-matter-03-matter-03:issue-training-copy-knowledge-authors-and-machines",
        "matterId": "matter-03",
        "issueId": "matter-03:issue-training-copy",
        "documentId": "knowledge-authors-and-machines",
        "relationship": "doctrinal-context",
        "relevanceSummaryZh": "提供以构思和执行衡量人类作者贡献的框架，可比较不同提示、选择和编辑行为。 本次规则匹配仅使用本争点文本及其引用主张，命中 1 个确定性争点词；AI 作用分面只用于候选召回。",
        "viewpoint": "descriptive",
        "confidence": 0.8500000000000001,
        "assignedBy": "rule"
      },
      "document": {
        "id": "knowledge-authors-and-machines",
        "familyId": "knowledge-family-authors-and-machines",
        "title": "作者与机器",
        "originalTitle": "Authors and Machines",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.15779/Z38SF2MC24",
        "kind": "academic-research",
        "sourceId": "berkeley-technology-law-journal",
        "publishedAt": "2019",
        "author": "Jane C. Ginsburg; Luke Ali Budiardjo",
        "primaryOrSecondary": "secondary",
        "relationship": "independent",
        "identifiers": {
          "doi": "10.15779/Z38SF2MC24"
        },
        "language": "en",
        "metadata": {
          "abstractZh": "以作品构思和执行为两项支柱分析机器辅助创作，主张关键问题不是机器能否成为作者，而是设计者或使用者的人类贡献是否足以构成作者身份。",
          "venue": "Berkeley Technology Law Journal 34(2): 343–448",
          "publisher": "Berkeley Technology Law Journal",
          "publicationState": "published",
          "peerReviewed": false,
          "paywalled": false
        },
        "stableIdentifier": {
          "kind": "doi",
          "value": "10.15779/Z38SF2MC24"
        },
        "legalTopics": [
          "copyright"
        ],
        "aiRoles": [
          "model-output",
          "agentic-action"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "link": {
        "id": "news-context-link-matter-03-matter-03:issue-training-copy-news-context-ai-liability-ip-harms",
        "matterId": "matter-03",
        "issueId": "matter-03:issue-training-copy",
        "documentId": "news-context-ai-liability-ip-harms",
        "relationship": "news-context",
        "relevanceSummaryZh": "用于比较生成式 AI 供应链中训练复制、近似输出、元数据去除、商标和公开权的不同责任入口。 本次规则匹配仅使用本争点文本及其引用主张，命中 2 个确定性争点词。",
        "viewpoint": "mixed",
        "confidence": 0.9,
        "assignedBy": "rule"
      },
      "document": {
        "id": "news-context-ai-liability-ip-harms",
        "familyId": "news-family-ai-liability-ip-harms",
        "title": "AI 造成知识产权损害时，责任如何分配",
        "originalTitle": "AI Liability for Intellectual Property Harms",
        "url": "https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/ai-liability-for-intellectual-property-harms",
        "kind": "professional-commentary",
        "sourceId": "lawfare",
        "publishedAt": "2024-09-23",
        "author": "Katrina Geddes",
        "primaryOrSecondary": "secondary",
        "relationship": "independent",
        "identifiers": {},
        "language": "en",
        "metadata": {
          "abstractZh": "文章分别分析未经许可训练、近似输出、版权管理信息、商标和形象商业利用，强调开发者、部署者与用户的责任不能用一个统一答案概括。",
          "venue": "Lawfare",
          "publisher": "Lawfare Institute",
          "publicationState": "published",
          "peerReviewed": false,
          "paywalled": false
        },
        "editorialSummaryZh": "这篇评论把训练、输出和传播链条拆开，说明同一生成内容可能同时触发版权、商标与人格商业利用争议；它提供责任分配框架，不代表法院已经采纳其中结论。",
        "legalTopics": [
          "copyright",
          "trademark",
          "personality-deepfake",
          "platform-liability"
        ],
        "aiRoles": [
          "training-data",
          "model-output",
          "deepfake"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "link": {
        "id": "news-context-link-matter-03-matter-03:issue-secondary-liability-news-context-ai-liability-ip-harms",
        "matterId": "matter-03",
        "issueId": "matter-03:issue-secondary-liability",
        "documentId": "news-context-ai-liability-ip-harms",
        "relationship": "news-context",
        "relevanceSummaryZh": "用于比较生成式 AI 供应链中训练复制、近似输出、元数据去除、商标和公开权的不同责任入口。 本次规则匹配仅使用本争点文本及其引用主张，命中 3 个确定性争点词。",
        "viewpoint": "mixed",
        "confidence": 0.95,
        "assignedBy": "rule"
      },
      "document": {
        "id": "news-context-ai-liability-ip-harms",
        "familyId": "news-family-ai-liability-ip-harms",
        "title": "AI 造成知识产权损害时，责任如何分配",
        "originalTitle": "AI Liability for Intellectual Property Harms",
        "url": "https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/ai-liability-for-intellectual-property-harms",
        "kind": "professional-commentary",
        "sourceId": "lawfare",
        "publishedAt": "2024-09-23",
        "author": "Katrina Geddes",
        "primaryOrSecondary": "secondary",
        "relationship": "independent",
        "identifiers": {},
        "language": "en",
        "metadata": {
          "abstractZh": "文章分别分析未经许可训练、近似输出、版权管理信息、商标和形象商业利用，强调开发者、部署者与用户的责任不能用一个统一答案概括。",
          "venue": "Lawfare",
          "publisher": "Lawfare Institute",
          "publicationState": "published",
          "peerReviewed": false,
          "paywalled": false
        },
        "editorialSummaryZh": "这篇评论把训练、输出和传播链条拆开，说明同一生成内容可能同时触发版权、商标与人格商业利用争议；它提供责任分配框架，不代表法院已经采纳其中结论。",
        "legalTopics": [
          "copyright",
          "trademark",
          "personality-deepfake",
          "platform-liability"
        ],
        "aiRoles": [
          "training-data",
          "model-output",
          "deepfake"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "link": {
        "id": "news-context-link-matter-03-matter-03:issue-dismissal-scope-news-context-ai-liability-ip-harms",
        "matterId": "matter-03",
        "issueId": "matter-03:issue-dismissal-scope",
        "documentId": "news-context-ai-liability-ip-harms",
        "relationship": "news-context",
        "relevanceSummaryZh": "用于比较生成式 AI 供应链中训练复制、近似输出、元数据去除、商标和公开权的不同责任入口。 本次规则匹配仅使用本争点文本及其引用主张，命中 3 个确定性争点词。",
        "viewpoint": "mixed",
        "confidence": 0.95,
        "assignedBy": "rule"
      },
      "document": {
        "id": "news-context-ai-liability-ip-harms",
        "familyId": "news-family-ai-liability-ip-harms",
        "title": "AI 造成知识产权损害时，责任如何分配",
        "originalTitle": "AI Liability for Intellectual Property Harms",
        "url": "https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/ai-liability-for-intellectual-property-harms",
        "kind": "professional-commentary",
        "sourceId": "lawfare",
        "publishedAt": "2024-09-23",
        "author": "Katrina Geddes",
        "primaryOrSecondary": "secondary",
        "relationship": "independent",
        "identifiers": {},
        "language": "en",
        "metadata": {
          "abstractZh": "文章分别分析未经许可训练、近似输出、版权管理信息、商标和形象商业利用，强调开发者、部署者与用户的责任不能用一个统一答案概括。",
          "venue": "Lawfare",
          "publisher": "Lawfare Institute",
          "publicationState": "published",
          "peerReviewed": false,
          "paywalled": false
        },
        "editorialSummaryZh": "这篇评论把训练、输出和传播链条拆开，说明同一生成内容可能同时触发版权、商标与人格商业利用争议；它提供责任分配框架，不代表法院已经采纳其中结论。",
        "legalTopics": [
          "copyright",
          "trademark",
          "personality-deepfake",
          "platform-liability"
        ],
        "aiRoles": [
          "training-data",
          "model-output",
          "deepfake"
        ]
      }
    }
  ],
  "sources": [
    {
      "id": "courtlistener",
      "slug": "courtlistener",
      "name": "CourtListener / RECAP",
      "homepage": "https://www.courtlistener.com/",
      "type": "legal-database",
      "grade": "A",
      "primaryOrSecondary": "mixed",
      "score": {
        "traceability": 25,
        "corrections": 17,
        "ownershipTransparency": 19,
        "expertise": 19,
        "historicalAccuracy": 14,
        "total": 94
      },
      "rationale": "Free Law Project 运营的非营利法律数据库；保留 PACER 文书及稳定案卷定位。",
      "methodologyVersion": "1.0",
      "reviewedAt": "2026-07-15"
    },
    {
      "id": "science",
      "slug": "science",
      "name": "Science",
      "homepage": "https://www.science.org/",
      "type": "academic",
      "primaryOrSecondary": "secondary",
      "rationale": "AAAS 出版的学术期刊，具有 DOI、作者和卷期记录；评论栏目不自动标记为同行评审研究。",
      "grade": "A",
      "score": {
        "traceability": 25,
        "corrections": 19,
        "ownershipTransparency": 20,
        "expertise": 20,
        "historicalAccuracy": 15,
        "total": 99
      },
      "methodologyVersion": "1.0",
      "reviewedAt": "2026-07-16"
    },
    {
      "id": "berkeley-technology-law-journal",
      "slug": "berkeley-technology-law-journal",
      "name": "Berkeley Technology Law Journal",
      "homepage": "https://btlj.org/",
      "type": "academic",
      "primaryOrSecondary": "secondary",
      "rationale": "学生编辑科技法评论，由 Berkeley Law 保存稳定卷期和仓储记录。",
      "grade": "A",
      "score": {
        "traceability": 24,
        "corrections": 16,
        "ownershipTransparency": 18,
        "expertise": 18,
        "historicalAccuracy": 12,
        "total": 88
      },
      "methodologyVersion": "1.0",
      "reviewedAt": "2026-07-16"
    },
    {
      "id": "lawfare",
      "slug": "lawfare",
      "name": "Lawfare",
      "homepage": "https://www.lawfaremedia.org/",
      "type": "newsroom",
      "primaryOrSecondary": "secondary",
      "rationale": "作者和编辑准则公开，长期提供国家安全、平台治理和科技法分析；具体案件结论仍回溯官方材料。",
      "grade": "A",
      "score": {
        "traceability": 23,
        "corrections": 18,
        "ownershipTransparency": 19,
        "expertise": 19,
        "historicalAccuracy": 13,
        "total": 92
      },
      "methodologyVersion": "1.0",
      "reviewedAt": "2026-07-16",
      "ingestion": {
        "feedEnabled": false,
        "feedUrl": null,
        "verification": "not-verified",
        "allowedUse": "discovery-metadata-and-deep-links"
      }
    }
  ],
  "canonicalUrl": "/cases/tremblay-v-openai"
}