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Circuit 在 130 F.4th 1039 中确认人类作者身份是著作权保护要求；最高法院在 No. 25-449 拒绝 certiorari。案件不处理人类使用 AI 辅助创作的最低投入。", "whyItMatters": "这是美国关于纯 AI 生成物能否取得版权的核心判例。", "status": "decided", "primaryTopic": "copyright", "secondaryTopics": [], "aiRoles": [ "model-output" ], "jurisdiction": "美国·联邦·哥伦比亚特区", "industries": [ "视觉艺术", "版权登记" ], "significance": { "legalNovelty": 30, "impactScope": 23, "institutionalLevel": 19, "crossBorder": 7, "sustainedCoverage": 15, "total": 94 }, "highProfile": true, "featured": true, "firstPublishedAt": "2026-07-15", "lastUpdatedAt": "2026-07-16", "proceedings": [ { "id": "matter-14:proceeding-1", "matterId": "matter-14", "formalName": "Thaler v. 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Perlmutter — district-court review", "identifier": "1:22-cv-01564-BAH", "identifiers": { "docketNumber": "1:22-cv-01564-BAH" }, "forum": "U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia", "jurisdiction": "美国·联邦·哥伦比亚特区", "type": "judicial-review", "stage": "judgment", "status": "decided", "startedAt": "2025-03-18", "precedentialWeight": "persuasive", "officialUrl": "https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USCOURTS-dcd-1_22-cv-01564/context" }, { "id": "matter-14:proceeding-3", "matterId": "matter-14", "formalName": "Stephen Thaler v. Shira Perlmutter et al. — petition for certiorari", "identifier": "No. 25-449", "identifiers": { "docketNumber": "25-449" }, "forum": "Supreme Court of the United States", "jurisdiction": "美国·联邦·哥伦比亚特区", "type": "judicial-review", "stage": "appeal", "status": "closed", "startedAt": "2025-03-18", "endedAt": "2026-03-02", "precedentialWeight": "not-applicable", "officialUrl": "https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/25-449.html" } ], "events": [ { "id": "matter-14:event-1", "matterId": "matter-14", "proceedingId": "matter-14:proceeding-1", "date": "2025-03-18", "type": "judgment", "title": "D.C. Circuit 维持版权局拒绝登记", "summary": "D.C. Circuit 维持版权局结论：仅将 AI 系统列为作者、没有人类作者的作品不能依现行美国著作权法取得保护。", "documentIds": [ "matter-14:document-1" ], "claimIds": [ "matter-14:claim-1", "matter-14:claim-procedure" ] }, { "id": "matter-14:event-2", "matterId": "matter-14", "proceedingId": "matter-14:proceeding-3", "date": "2026-03-02", "type": "order", "title": "美国最高法院拒绝复审申请", "summary": "美国最高法院案卷记录显示，No. 25-449 的 certiorari 申请于 2026 年 3 月 2 日被拒绝；该程序结果不构成最高法院对下级法院理由的实体认可。", "documentIds": [ "matter-14:document-2" ], "claimIds": [ "matter-14:claim-2" ] } ], "documents": [ { "id": "matter-14:document-1", "familyId": "matter-14:family-1", "matterId": "matter-14", "eventId": "matter-14:event-1", "title": "Thaler v. Perlmutter — Court of Appeals decision affirming refusal of registration", "originalTitle": "Thaler v. Perlmutter — Court of Appeals decision affirming refusal of registration", "url": "https://www.copyright.gov/ai/docs/court-of-appeals-decision-affirming-refusal-of-registration.pdf", "kind": "official-document", "sourceId": "us-copyright-office", "publishedAt": "2025-03-18", "primaryOrSecondary": "primary", "relationship": "independent", "identifiers": { "docketNumber": "23-5233", "neutralCitation": "130 F.4th 1039" }, "language": "en" }, { "id": "matter-14:document-2", "familyId": "matter-14:family-2", "matterId": "matter-14", "eventId": "matter-14:event-2", "title": "Supreme Court docket No. 25-449 — Petition denied", "originalTitle": "Supreme Court docket No. 25-449 — Petition denied", "url": "https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/25-449.html", "kind": "official-document", "sourceId": "us-supreme-court", "publishedAt": "2026-03-02", "primaryOrSecondary": "primary", "relationship": "independent", "identifiers": { "docketNumber": "25-449" }, "language": "en" } ], "claims": [ { "id": "matter-14:claim-1", "matterId": "matter-14", "eventId": "matter-14:event-1", "text": "D.C. Circuit 维持版权局结论：仅将 AI 系统列为作者、没有人类作者的作品不能依现行美国著作权法取得保护。", "kind": "legal-holding", "status": "confirmed", "documentIds": [ "matter-14:document-1" ], "asOf": "2025-03-18" }, { "id": "matter-14:claim-2", "matterId": "matter-14", "eventId": "matter-14:event-2", "text": "美国最高法院案卷记录显示，No. 25-449 的 certiorari 申请于 2026 年 3 月 2 日被拒绝；该程序结果不构成最高法院对下级法院理由的实体认可。", "kind": "procedural-fact", "status": "confirmed", "documentIds": [ "matter-14:document-2" ], "asOf": "2026-03-02" }, { "id": "matter-14:claim-procedure", "matterId": "matter-14", "eventId": "matter-14:event-1", "text": "23-5233 是本站记录的正式程序编号，程序由 U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit 处理。", "kind": "procedural-fact", "status": "confirmed", "documentIds": [ "matter-14:document-1" ], "asOf": "2025-03-18" } ], "caseBackground": { "narrativeZh": "Stephen Thaler 为其称由 AI 自主生成的图像《A Recent Entrance to Paradise》申请版权登记，并仅把 AI 系统列为作者。版权局拒绝登记，D.C. Circuit 维持该决定；美国最高法院于 2026 年拒绝受理复审。", "partiesZh": [ "Stephen Thaler", "美国版权局局长 Shira Perlmutter" ], "aiSystemZh": "Thaler 所称自主生成图像的 AI 系统", "challengedConductZh": "版权局拒绝为只列 AI 系统为作者、没有人类作者的图像办理登记。", "allegedHarmZh": "Thaler 主张纯 AI 生成作品应可获得登记；行政和司法机构依现行法要求人类作者。", "proceduralOriginZh": "地区法院审查后，D.C. Circuit 以 23-5233 作出 130 F.4th 1039；最高法院 No. 25-449 于 2026 年 3 月 2 日拒绝 certiorari。", "claimIds": [ "matter-14:claim-1", "matter-14:claim-2", "matter-14:claim-procedure" ], "documentIds": [ "matter-14:document-1", "matter-14:document-2" ] }, "issues": [ { "id": "matter-14:issue-human-authorship", "matterId": "matter-14", "titleZh": "著作权法是否要求人类作者", "questionZh": "只把 AI 系统列为作者、没有任何人类作者的作品，能否依现行美国著作权法获得保护？", "contextZh": "案件按申请人提交的纯 AI 作者身份记录审理，而不是衡量人与 AI 共同创作时的人类贡献。", "topic": "copyright", "status": "resolved", "courtTreatmentZh": "D.C. Circuit 确认人类作者身份是现行著作权保护要求，并维持拒绝登记。", "claimIds": [ "matter-14:claim-1" ], "positions": [ { "id": "matter-14:issue-human-authorship:position-1", "issueId": "matter-14:issue-human-authorship", "sideZh": "Thaler", "positionZh": "主张由 AI 自主生成的作品也应能够取得版权登记。", "claimIds": [], "documentIds": [] }, { "id": "matter-14:issue-human-authorship:position-2", "issueId": "matter-14:issue-human-authorship", "sideZh": "版权局", "positionZh": "认为现行法要求人类作者，纯 AI 作者身份申请不符合登记条件。", "claimIds": [ "matter-14:claim-1" ], "documentIds": [ "matter-14:document-1" ] } ] }, { "id": "matter-14:issue-ai-assisted-threshold", "matterId": "matter-14", "titleZh": "人类借助 AI 创作的最低贡献", "questionZh": "人类通过提示、选择或修改参与 AI 输出时，需要何种程度的创造性控制才能成为作者？", "contextZh": "Thaler 的申请坚持作品由 AI 自主生成，因此没有向法院提交可供划定人类贡献阈值的混合创作事实。", "topic": "copyright", "status": "open", "claimIds": [], "positions": [ { "id": "matter-14:issue-ai-assisted-threshold:position-1", "issueId": "matter-14:issue-ai-assisted-threshold", "sideZh": "Thaler", "positionZh": "本案申请没有以具体人类创作投入作为登记基础。", "claimIds": [], "documentIds": [] }, { "id": "matter-14:issue-ai-assisted-threshold:position-2", "issueId": "matter-14:issue-ai-assisted-threshold", "sideZh": "版权局", "positionZh": "本案只需处理没有人类作者的申请，无需在该记录上设定 AI 辅助创作阈值。", "claimIds": [], "documentIds": [] } ] }, { "id": "matter-14:issue-certiorari-finality", "matterId": "matter-14", "titleZh": "拒绝最高法院复审的效力", "questionZh": "最高法院拒绝 certiorari 后，D.C. Circuit 判决的效力和边界是什么？", "contextZh": "拒绝受理使本案判决保持有效，但本身不是最高法院对理由的实体认可。", "topic": "copyright", "status": "partly-resolved", "courtTreatmentZh": "最高法院于 2026 年 3 月 2 日拒绝复审，本案程序终结；D.C. Circuit 判决继续约束其管辖范围。", "claimIds": [ "matter-14:claim-2" ], "positions": [ { "id": "matter-14:issue-certiorari-finality:position-1", "issueId": "matter-14:issue-certiorari-finality", "sideZh": "Thaler", "positionZh": "申请最高法院审查但未获受理。", "claimIds": [], "documentIds": [] }, { "id": "matter-14:issue-certiorari-finality:position-2", "issueId": "matter-14:issue-certiorari-finality", "sideZh": "程序结果", "positionZh": "拒绝受理不另立最高法院先例，但使本案无进一步复审程序。", "claimIds": [], "documentIds": [] } ] } ], "decisions": [ { "id": "matter-14:decision-1", "matterId": "matter-14", "proceedingId": "matter-14:proceeding-1", "eventId": "matter-14:event-1", "date": "2025-03-18", "outcomeZh": "D.C. Circuit 维持版权局拒绝登记，确认只列 AI 为作者且没有人类作者的作品不能依现行法取得版权。", "holdingsZh": [ "美国著作权法要求受保护作品具有至少一名人类作者。", "Thaler 按纯 AI 自主生成提交的图像不符合该要求。", "本案不处理人类使用 AI 辅助创作时需要多少贡献。" ], "reasoningZh": [ "法院依据著作权法的文本、结构和长期人类作者原则解释法定保护对象。", "申请记录没有主张具体人类创作贡献，因此无需界定混合型作品的作者阈值。" ], "reliefZh": "维持版权局拒绝登记；没有向 Thaler 颁发登记或其他独立救济。", "scopeAndLimitsZh": "仅处理没有人类作者的申请，不排除人类对 AI 输出作出足够创作贡献时保护相应人类表达。", "precedentialWeight": "binding", "appealStatusZh": "美国最高法院在 No. 25-449 于 2026 年 3 月 2 日拒绝 certiorari，本案已终结；拒绝受理本身不构成最高法院实体判决。", "documentIds": [ "matter-14:document-1" ], "claimIds": [ "matter-14:claim-1" ] }, { "id": "matter-14:decision-2", "matterId": "matter-14", "proceedingId": "matter-14:proceeding-3", "eventId": "matter-14:event-2", "date": "2026-03-02", "outcomeZh": "美国最高法院案卷记录 No. 25-449 的 certiorari 申请于 2026 年 3 月 2 日被拒绝。", "holdingsZh": [ "最高法院拒绝受理本案的复审申请。", "案卷没有附带对 D.C. Circuit 判决理由的实体意见。" ], "reasoningZh": [ "最高法院公开案卷仅记录“Petition DENIED”，没有发布实体裁判理由。" ], "reliefZh": "复审申请未获受理，D.C. Circuit 判决继续维持；最高法院没有另行授予实体救济。", "scopeAndLimitsZh": "拒绝 certiorari 本身不是最高法院对下级法院理由的认可，也不另立最高法院实体先例。", "precedentialWeight": "not-applicable", "appealStatusZh": "No. 25-449 于 2026 年 3 月 2 日以拒绝复审结束；现有案卷没有更高层级的后续复审程序。", "documentIds": [ "matter-14:document-2" ], "claimIds": [ "matter-14:claim-2" ] } ], "issueDocumentLinks": [ { "id": "issue-document-matter-14-matter-14:issue-human-authorship-knowledge-authors-and-machines", "matterId": "matter-14", "issueId": "matter-14:issue-human-authorship", "documentId": "knowledge-authors-and-machines", "relationship": "doctrinal-context", "relevanceSummaryZh": "提供以构思和执行衡量人类作者贡献的框架，可比较不同提示、选择和编辑行为。 本次规则匹配仅使用本争点文本及其引用主张，命中 2 个确定性争点词；AI 作用分面只用于候选召回。", "viewpoint": "descriptive", "confidence": 0.9, "assignedBy": "rule" }, { "id": "issue-document-matter-14-matter-14:issue-human-authorship-knowledge-generative-ai-meets-copyright", "matterId": "matter-14", "issueId": "matter-14:issue-human-authorship", "documentId": "knowledge-generative-ai-meets-copyright", "relationship": "doctrinal-context", "relevanceSummaryZh": "用于概览生成式 AI 版权诉讼的主要请求与尚未形成定论的合理使用问题。 本次规则匹配仅使用本争点文本及其引用主张，命中 2 个确定性争点词；AI 作用分面只用于候选召回。", "viewpoint": "descriptive", "confidence": 0.9, "assignedBy": "rule" }, { "id": "news-context-link-matter-14-matter-14:issue-human-authorship-news-context-ai-liability-ip-harms", "matterId": "matter-14", "issueId": "matter-14:issue-human-authorship", "documentId": "news-context-ai-liability-ip-harms", "relationship": "news-context", "relevanceSummaryZh": "用于比较生成式 AI 供应链中训练复制、近似输出、元数据去除、商标和公开权的不同责任入口。 本次规则匹配仅使用本争点文本及其引用主张，命中 2 个确定性争点词。", "viewpoint": "mixed", "confidence": 0.9, "assignedBy": "rule" }, { "id": "issue-document-matter-14-matter-14:issue-ai-assisted-threshold-knowledge-authors-and-machines", "matterId": "matter-14", "issueId": "matter-14:issue-ai-assisted-threshold", "documentId": "knowledge-authors-and-machines", "relationship": "doctrinal-context", "relevanceSummaryZh": "提供以构思和执行衡量人类作者贡献的框架，可比较不同提示、选择和编辑行为。 本次规则匹配仅使用本争点文本及其引用主张，命中 3 个确定性争点词；AI 作用分面只用于候选召回。", "viewpoint": "descriptive", "confidence": 0.9500000000000001, "assignedBy": "rule" }, { "id": "news-context-link-matter-14-matter-14:issue-ai-assisted-threshold-news-context-ai-liability-ip-harms", "matterId": "matter-14", "issueId": "matter-14:issue-ai-assisted-threshold", "documentId": "news-context-ai-liability-ip-harms", "relationship": "news-context", "relevanceSummaryZh": "用于比较生成式 AI 供应链中训练复制、近似输出、元数据去除、商标和公开权的不同责任入口。 本次规则匹配仅使用本争点文本及其引用主张，命中 1 个确定性争点词。", "viewpoint": "mixed", "confidence": 0.8500000000000001, "assignedBy": "rule" } ] }, "issueDocuments": [ { "link": { "id": "issue-document-matter-14-matter-14:issue-human-authorship-knowledge-authors-and-machines", "matterId": "matter-14", "issueId": "matter-14:issue-human-authorship", "documentId": "knowledge-authors-and-machines", "relationship": "doctrinal-context", "relevanceSummaryZh": "提供以构思和执行衡量人类作者贡献的框架，可比较不同提示、选择和编辑行为。 本次规则匹配仅使用本争点文本及其引用主张，命中 2 个确定性争点词；AI 作用分面只用于候选召回。", "viewpoint": "descriptive", "confidence": 0.9, "assignedBy": "rule" }, "document": { "id": "knowledge-authors-and-machines", "familyId": "knowledge-family-authors-and-machines", "title": "作者与机器", "originalTitle": "Authors and Machines", "url": "https://doi.org/10.15779/Z38SF2MC24", "kind": "academic-research", "sourceId": "berkeley-technology-law-journal", "publishedAt": "2019", "author": "Jane C. 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