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  "matter": {
    "id": "matter-35",
    "slug": "glukhin-v-russia",
    "titleZh": "Glukhin 诉俄罗斯人脸识别监控案",
    "formalName": "Glukhin v. Russia",
    "aliases": [
      "ECHR facial recognition protest case",
      "Glukhin v Russia"
    ],
    "summary": "欧洲人权法院认定，俄罗斯利用人脸识别识别、定位并逮捕一名和平示威者，不符合必要性要求，侵犯其隐私和表达自由。",
    "professionalSummary": "申请号 11519/20 的判决依据《欧洲人权公约》第 8 条和第 10 条，特别关注敏感生物识别处理、和平表达与缺乏充分保障。",
    "whyItMatters": "它是欧洲人权法院直接审查人脸识别用于追踪示威者的标志性判决。",
    "status": "decided",
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    "jurisdiction": "欧洲人权法院",
    "industries": [
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      "公共监控"
    ],
    "significance": {
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      "impactScope": 22,
      "institutionalLevel": 20,
      "crossBorder": 9,
      "sustainedCoverage": 13,
      "total": 92
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    "firstPublishedAt": "2026-07-15",
    "lastUpdatedAt": "2026-07-16",
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        "matterId": "matter-35",
        "formalName": "Glukhin v. Russia",
        "identifier": "Application no. 11519/20",
        "identifiers": {
          "docketNumber": "11519/20"
        },
        "forum": "European Court of Human Rights",
        "jurisdiction": "欧洲人权法院",
        "type": "judicial-review",
        "stage": "judgment",
        "status": "decided",
        "startedAt": "2023-07-04",
        "precedentialWeight": "binding",
        "officialUrl": "https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-225655"
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        "date": "2023-07-04",
        "type": "judgment",
        "title": "欧洲人权法院认定违反第 8 条和第 10 条",
        "summary": "欧洲人权法院认定使用人脸识别定位和平示威者不具必要性，违反隐私权和表达自由。",
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        "title": "Case of Glukhin v. Russia — application no. 11519/20",
        "originalTitle": "Case of Glukhin v. Russia — application no. 11519/20",
        "url": "https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-225655",
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        "publishedAt": "2023-07-04",
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          "docketNumber": "11519/20"
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        "language": "en"
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        "matterId": "matter-35",
        "eventId": "matter-35:event-1",
        "text": "欧洲人权法院认定使用人脸识别定位和平示威者不具必要性，违反隐私权和表达自由。",
        "kind": "legal-holding",
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        "documentIds": [
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        "asOf": "2023-07-04"
      },
      {
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        "eventId": "matter-35:event-1",
        "text": "Application no. 11519/20 是本站记录的正式程序编号，程序由 European Court of Human Rights 处理。",
        "kind": "procedural-fact",
        "status": "confirmed",
        "documentIds": [
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      },
      {
        "id": "matter-35:claim-event",
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        "eventId": "matter-35:event-1",
        "text": "2023-07-04，案卷记录“欧洲人权法院认定违反第 8 条和第 10 条”这一程序节点；该日期与事件由所引直接材料支持。",
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        "status": "confirmed",
        "documentIds": [
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        "asOf": "2023-07-04"
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    ],
    "caseBackground": {
      "narrativeZh": "俄罗斯机关利用人脸识别识别、定位并逮捕参与和平示威的 Glukhin。Glukhin 以隐私和表达自由受到侵犯为由向欧洲人权法院申请；该院在申请号 11519/20 中于 2023 年 7 月 4 日认定违反《欧洲人权公约》第 8 条和第 10 条。",
      "partiesZh": [
        "申请人：Glukhin",
        "被申请国：俄罗斯"
      ],
      "aiSystemZh": "用于识别和定位示威者的人脸识别监控系统",
      "challengedConductZh": "使用人脸识别识别、定位并逮捕一名和平示威者。",
      "allegedHarmZh": "Glukhin 主张敏感生物识别监控侵犯其隐私权和和平表达自由。",
      "proceduralOriginZh": "Glukhin 向欧洲人权法院提出申请 11519/20；法院于 2023 年 7 月 4 日作出判决。",
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    },
    "issues": [
      {
        "id": "matter-35:issue-article-8-necessity",
        "matterId": "matter-35",
        "titleZh": "用人脸识别追踪和平示威者是否必要",
        "questionZh": "国家使用人脸识别识别和定位和平示威者，是否符合第 8 条对隐私干预必要性的要求？",
        "contextZh": "生物识别使国家能够从公共空间影像中持续识别个人，处理敏感度高于一般目视观察。",
        "topic": "privacy-data-protection",
        "status": "resolved",
        "courtTreatmentZh": "欧洲人权法院认定该使用不具必要性，构成对第 8 条隐私权的违反。",
        "claimIds": [
          "matter-35:claim-1"
        ],
        "positions": [
          {
            "id": "matter-35:issue-article-8-necessity:position-1",
            "issueId": "matter-35:issue-article-8-necessity",
            "sideZh": "Glukhin",
            "positionZh": "主张为追踪其和平示威而处理生物识别数据缺乏必要性。",
            "claimIds": [],
            "documentIds": []
          },
          {
            "id": "matter-35:issue-article-8-necessity:position-2",
            "issueId": "matter-35:issue-article-8-necessity",
            "sideZh": "俄罗斯",
            "positionZh": "底库未收录其对人脸识别必要性的具体完整答辩。",
            "claimIds": [],
            "documentIds": []
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "matter-35:issue-article-10-expression",
        "matterId": "matter-35",
        "titleZh": "生物识别监控对和平表达的干预",
        "questionZh": "使用人脸识别识别并逮捕和平示威者是否侵犯第 10 条表达自由？",
        "contextZh": "监控技术不仅处理个人数据，也可能直接影响个人参与和平表达的能力。",
        "topic": "public-law-human-rights",
        "status": "resolved",
        "courtTreatmentZh": "欧洲人权法院认定相关措施违反第 10 条表达自由。",
        "claimIds": [
          "matter-35:claim-1"
        ],
        "positions": [
          {
            "id": "matter-35:issue-article-10-expression:position-1",
            "issueId": "matter-35:issue-article-10-expression",
            "sideZh": "Glukhin",
            "positionZh": "主张因和平表达而被人脸识别追踪和逮捕侵犯其表达自由。",
            "claimIds": [],
            "documentIds": []
          },
          {
            "id": "matter-35:issue-article-10-expression:position-2",
            "issueId": "matter-35:issue-article-10-expression",
            "sideZh": "俄罗斯",
            "positionZh": "底库未记录其针对第 10 条请求的完整正当化理由。",
            "claimIds": [],
            "documentIds": []
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "matter-35:issue-safeguards",
        "matterId": "matter-35",
        "titleZh": "敏感生物识别处理的保障",
        "questionZh": "国家以人脸识别定位个人时，现有法律与程序保障是否足以防止滥用？",
        "contextZh": "缺乏充分保障会加重对和平表达者使用人脸识别的干预严重性。",
        "topic": "public-law-human-rights",
        "status": "open",
        "claimIds": [],
        "positions": [
          {
            "id": "matter-35:issue-safeguards:position-1",
            "issueId": "matter-35:issue-safeguards",
            "sideZh": "Glukhin",
            "positionZh": "主张现有保障不足以正当化对其使用人脸识别。",
            "claimIds": [],
            "documentIds": []
          },
          {
            "id": "matter-35:issue-safeguards:position-2",
            "issueId": "matter-35:issue-safeguards",
            "sideZh": "俄罗斯",
            "positionZh": "现有底库未列明其所主张的具体保障措施。",
            "claimIds": [],
            "documentIds": []
          }
        ]
      }
    ],
    "decisions": [
      {
        "id": "matter-35:decision-1",
        "matterId": "matter-35",
        "proceedingId": "matter-35:proceeding-1",
        "eventId": "matter-35:event-1",
        "date": "2023-07-04",
        "outcomeZh": "欧洲人权法院认定，俄罗斯使用人脸识别识别、定位并逮捕和平示威者违反第 8 条隐私权和第 10 条表达自由。",
        "holdingsZh": [
          "针对和平示威者的人脸识别使用不符合必要性要求。",
          "敏感生物识别处理侵犯申请人的第 8 条权利。",
          "以该技术追踪并逮捕和平示威者侵犯申请人的第 10 条权利。"
        ],
        "reasoningZh": [
          "人脸识别对个人进行识别和定位，构成高度敏感的生物识别处理。",
          "当目标行为属于和平表达且保障不足时，国家无法证明该强度监控具有必要性。"
        ],
        "reliefZh": "现有底库确认两项公约违反，但未记录金钱赔偿或其他具体救济，故不补写。",
        "scopeAndLimitsZh": "裁判针对以人脸识别追踪和平示威者的具体事实，并非宣布执法机关任何人脸识别使用都当然违反公约。",
        "precedentialWeight": "binding",
        "appealStatusZh": "欧洲人权法院于 2023 年 7 月 4 日作出判决；底库未记录转交大审判庭或其他改变该结论的程序。",
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        "title": "永久列队：美国未受规制的警务人脸识别",
        "originalTitle": "The Perpetual Line-Up: Unregulated Police Face Recognition in America",
        "url": "https://www.law.georgetown.edu/privacy-technology-center/research/the-perpetual-line-up/",
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          "abstractZh": "依据一百余项信息公开请求和访谈调查警务人脸识别数据库的规模、准确率测试、观察名单、透明度和监督缺口，并把技术使用放回执法权力与程序保障中评价。",
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