{ "schemaVersion": "2.0", "generatedAt": "2026-07-16T12:09:49.399Z", "compatibility": { "legacyMatterFieldsRetained": true, "issueDocumentsAreNotTimelineEvents": true }, "matter": { "id": "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition", "slug": "cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition", "titleZh": "郭兵人脸识别案", "formalName": "郭兵诉杭州野生动物世界有限公司服务合同纠纷案", "aliases": [ "中国人脸识别第一案", "（2019）浙0111民初6971号", "（2020）浙01民终10940号", "Guo Bing v. Hangzhou Safari Park" ], "summary": "杭州野生动物世界把年卡入园方式从指纹改为人脸识别并停用原通道，法院认定其单方变更合同且超出必要范围处理生物识别信息。", "professionalSummary": "（2019）浙0111民初6971号及（2020）浙01民终10940号通过服务合同、个人信息必要性和删除救济处理强制人脸识别。二审维持退款等责任，并增加删除指纹信息。", "whyItMatters": "该案把“不接受人脸识别就无法继续使用已购服务”的现实选择结构带入司法审查，是中国生物识别最小必要原则的重要早期案件。", "status": "decided", "primaryTopic": "privacy-data-protection", "secondaryTopics": [ "consumer-protection", "automated-decision-making" ], "aiRoles": [ "biometrics", "automated-decision" ], "jurisdiction": "中国·浙江·杭州", "industries": [ "旅游景区", "门禁", "消费者服务" ], "significance": { "legalNovelty": 28, "impactScope": 24, "institutionalLevel": 17, "crossBorder": 3, "sustainedCoverage": 15, "total": 87 }, "highProfile": true, "featured": true, "firstPublishedAt": "2026-07-16", "lastUpdatedAt": "2026-07-16", "proceedings": [ { "formalName": "郭兵诉杭州野生动物世界有限公司服务合同纠纷（一审）", "identifier": "（2019）浙0111民初6971号", "identifiers": { "docketNumber": "（2019）浙0111民初6971号" }, "forum": "杭州市富阳区人民法院", "jurisdiction": "中国·浙江·杭州", "type": "civil-litigation", "stage": "judgment", "status": "decided", "startedAt": "2019", "endedAt": "2020-11", "precedentialWeight": "persuasive", "officialUrl": "https://www.court.gov.cn/zixun/xiangqing/329801.html", "id": "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition:proceeding:first-instance", "matterId": "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition" }, { "formalName": "郭兵诉杭州野生动物世界有限公司服务合同纠纷（二审）", "identifier": "（2020）浙01民终10940号", "identifiers": { "docketNumber": "（2020）浙01民终10940号" }, "forum": "浙江省杭州市中级人民法院", "jurisdiction": "中国·浙江·杭州", "type": "civil-litigation", "stage": "appeal", "status": "decided", "startedAt": "2020", "endedAt": "2021-04-09", "precedentialWeight": "persuasive", "officialUrl": "https://www.court.gov.cn/zixun/xiangqing/329801.html", "id": "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition:proceeding:appeal", "matterId": "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition" } ], "events": [ { "date": "2020-11", "type": "judgment", "title": "一审判令退费并删除人脸信息", "summary": "一审认定动物园单方变更入园方式，判令退还相应费用并删除郭兵面部特征和照片。", "id": "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition:event:first-judgment", "matterId": "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition", "proceedingId": "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition:proceeding:first-instance", "documentIds": [ "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition:document:spc-typical-case" ], "claimIds": [ "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition:claim:service-change", "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition:claim:first-relief" ] }, { "date": "2021-04-09", "type": "judgment", "title": "二审增加删除指纹信息", "summary": "杭州中院维持主要判项，并增加删除郭兵指纹识别信息。", "id": "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition:event:appeal-judgment", "matterId": "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition", "proceedingId": "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition:proceeding:appeal", "documentIds": [ "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition:document:spc-typical-case" ], "claimIds": [ "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition:claim:biometric-holding", "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition:claim:appeal-relief" ] }, { "date": "2021-09-17", "type": "publication", "title": "最高人民法院发布个人信息保护典型案例", "summary": "最高人民法院把郭兵案列入个人信息保护典型案例。", "id": "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition:event:spc-publication", "matterId": "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition", "proceedingId": "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition:proceeding:appeal", "documentIds": [ "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition:document:spc-typical-case" ], "claimIds": [ "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition:claim:spc-publication" ] } ], "documents": [ { "title": "个人信息保护典型案例：郭某诉某野生动物世界服务合同纠纷案", "originalTitle": "最高人民法院发布人民法院个人信息保护典型案例", "url": "https://www.court.gov.cn/zixun/xiangqing/329801.html", "kind": "official-document", "sourceId": "china-courts", "publishedAt": "2021-09-17", "primaryOrSecondary": "primary", "relationship": "independent", "locator": "案例八", "id": "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition:document:spc-typical-case", "familyId": "family-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition-spc-typical-case", "matterId": "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition", "eventId": "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition:event:spc-publication", "identifiers": { "docketNumber": "（2020）浙01民终10940号" }, "language": "zh-CN" } ], "claims": [ { "text": "法院查明，郭兵购买支持指纹入园的双人年卡后，动物园单方改为人脸识别并停用原指纹通道。", "kind": "fact-finding", "status": "confirmed", "asOf": "2020-11", "id": "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition:claim:service-change", "matterId": "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition", "eventId": "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition:event:first-judgment", "documentIds": [ "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition:document:spc-typical-case" ] }, { "text": "一审判令返还合同费用和交通损失合计 1,038 元，并删除郭兵提交的面部特征信息和照片。", "kind": "legal-holding", "status": "confirmed", "asOf": "2020-11", "id": "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition:claim:first-relief", "matterId": "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition", "eventId": "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition:event:first-judgment", "documentIds": [ "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition:document:spc-typical-case" ] }, { "text": "二审强调人脸、指纹属于敏感生物识别信息，处理须有充分告知、同意并符合必要性，不能以单方改变服务方式强制收集。", "kind": "legal-holding", "status": "confirmed", "asOf": "2021-04-09", "id": "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition:claim:biometric-holding", "matterId": "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition", "eventId": "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition:event:appeal-judgment", "documentIds": [ "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition:document:spc-typical-case" ] }, { "text": "二审维持退款及删除人脸信息等判项，并增加删除郭兵指纹识别信息。", "kind": "legal-holding", "status": "confirmed", "asOf": "2021-04-09", "id": "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition:claim:appeal-relief", "matterId": "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition", "eventId": "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition:event:appeal-judgment", "documentIds": [ "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition:document:spc-typical-case" ] }, { "text": "最高人民法院于 2021 年 9 月 17 日将本案列入人民法院个人信息保护典型案例。", "kind": "procedural-fact", "status": "confirmed", "asOf": "2021-09-17", "id": "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition:claim:spc-publication", "matterId": "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition", "eventId": "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition:event:spc-publication", "documentIds": [ "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition:document:spc-typical-case" ] } ], "caseBackground": { "narrativeZh": "郭兵购买杭州野生动物世界双人年卡，最初通过指纹验证入园。动物园后来把验证方式统一改为人脸识别并停用指纹通道，要求其提交面部信息。郭兵拒绝并起诉，要求履行原合同、退费及删除生物识别数据。", "partiesZh": [ "原告：郭兵", "被告：杭州野生动物世界有限公司" ], "aiSystemZh": "景区人脸识别和指纹识别门禁系统", "challengedConductZh": "在合同履行期间单方改为人脸识别，并以无法入园促使消费者提交生物识别信息。", "allegedHarmZh": "消费者选择权、合同权益以及对敏感生物识别信息的控制受到侵害。", "proceduralOriginZh": "富阳区法院一审后双方上诉，杭州中院二审作出终审判决。", "documentIds": [ "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition:document:spc-typical-case" ], "claimIds": [ "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition:claim:service-change", "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition:claim:first-relief", "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition:claim:biometric-holding" ] }, "issues": [ { "id": "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition:issue:meaningful-consent", "matterId": "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition", "titleZh": "服务变更下的有效同意", "questionZh": "经营者停用原有入园方式后取得的人脸识别“同意”是否具有真实选择基础？", "contextZh": "消费者已经付费，拒绝人脸识别将失去服务使用。", "courtTreatmentZh": "法院以合同约定和个人信息处理必要性否定单方强制变更。", "topic": "privacy-data-protection", "status": "resolved", "claimIds": [ "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition:claim:service-change", "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition:claim:biometric-holding" ], "positions": [ { "id": "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition:issue:meaningful-consent:position:guo", "issueId": "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition:issue:meaningful-consent", "sideZh": "郭兵", "positionZh": "年卡购买时约定指纹入园，动物园无权以停用通道迫使其接受人脸识别。", "claimIds": [ "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition:claim:service-change" ], "documentIds": [ "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition:document:spc-typical-case" ] }, { "id": "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition:issue:meaningful-consent:position:zoo", "issueId": "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition:issue:meaningful-consent", "sideZh": "动物园", "positionZh": "主张系统升级和统一验证属于经营管理与安全需要。", "claimIds": [ "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition:claim:service-change" ], "documentIds": [ "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition:document:spc-typical-case" ] } ] }, { "id": "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition:issue:necessity-and-deletion", "matterId": "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition", "titleZh": "生物识别信息的必要性与删除", "questionZh": "经营者能否保留为不同验证方式收集的人脸和指纹信息？", "contextZh": "生物识别信息一旦泄露难以更换，删除是重要救济。", "courtTreatmentZh": "一审命令删除人脸信息；二审进一步命令删除指纹信息。", "topic": "consumer-protection", "status": "resolved", "claimIds": [ "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition:claim:first-relief", "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition:claim:appeal-relief" ], "positions": [ { "id": "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition:issue:necessity-and-deletion:position:guo", "issueId": "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition:issue:necessity-and-deletion", "sideZh": "郭兵", "positionZh": "服务争议结束后，经营者没有继续保留生物识别信息的必要。", "claimIds": [ "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition:claim:first-relief", "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition:claim:appeal-relief" ], "documentIds": [ "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition:document:spc-typical-case" ] }, { "id": "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition:issue:necessity-and-deletion:position:court", "issueId": "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition:issue:necessity-and-deletion", "sideZh": "法院", "positionZh": "人脸和指纹均应纳入删除范围，以完整消除不必要处理。", "claimIds": [ "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition:claim:appeal-relief" ], "documentIds": [ "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition:document:spc-typical-case" ] } ] } ], "decisions": [ { "date": "2020-11", "outcomeZh": "原告部分胜诉。", "holdingsZh": [ "动物园单方变更年卡验证方式构成违约。", "案内人脸信息应删除。" ], "reasoningZh": [ "原合同允许指纹入园，经营者不能在履行期间单方强制改用人脸识别。", "人脸信息与继续履行争议之间缺乏保留必要性。" ], "reliefZh": "返还合同费用和交通损失合计 1,038 元，删除面部特征信息和照片。", "scopeAndLimitsZh": "普通一审民事判决，仅具说服性。公开典型案例材料仅披露裁判月份，本档案保留月份精度。", "precedentialWeight": "persuasive", "appealStatusZh": "双方上诉，二审作出终审判决。", "id": "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition:decision:first-instance", "matterId": "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition", "proceedingId": "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition:proceeding:first-instance", "eventId": "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition:event:first-judgment", "documentIds": [ "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition:document:spc-typical-case" ], "claimIds": [ "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition:claim:service-change", "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition:claim:first-relief" ] }, { "date": "2021-04-09", "outcomeZh": "维持主要判项，并增加删除指纹信息。", "holdingsZh": [ "处理敏感生物识别信息应满足告知、同意和必要性要求。", "删除救济应同时覆盖案内人脸和指纹信息。" ], "reasoningZh": [ "经营者未证明强制改用人脸识别是履行合同不可替代的必要方式。", "原验证方式所收集的指纹在争议终结后同样没有继续保留依据。" ], "reliefZh": "维持退款、删除人脸等责任，并增加删除指纹识别信息。", "scopeAndLimitsZh": "普通二审民事判决，对本案当事人终局，在其他案件中仅具说服性。", "precedentialWeight": "persuasive", "appealStatusZh": "二审终审，公开材料未见再审裁判。", "id": "matter-cn-guo-bing-facial-recognition:decision:appeal", 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Most Important Biometric Privacy Law in the US?", "url": "https://ainowinstitute.org/publications/regulating-biometrics-global-approaches-and-open-questions", "kind": "academic-research", "sourceId": "ai-now-institute", "publishedAt": "2020-09-01", "author": "Woodrow Hartzog", "primaryOrSecondary": "secondary", "relationship": "independent", "identifiers": { "doi": "10.2139/ssrn.3722053" }, "language": "en", "metadata": { "abstractZh": "评估 BIPA 的知情同意、禁止牟利、保存销毁、注意义务和私人诉权，既肯定其问责作用，也批评仅依赖通知与选择难以处理生物识别系统性风险。", "venue": "Regulating Biometrics: Global Approaches and Urgent Questions", "publisher": "AI Now Institute", "publicationState": "published", "peerReviewed": false, "paywalled": false }, "stableIdentifier": { "kind": "doi", "value": "10.2139/ssrn.3722053" }, "legalTopics": [ "privacy-data-protection", "public-law-human-rights" ], "aiRoles": [ "biometrics", "automated-decision", "training-data" ] } }, { "link": { "id": 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